Many philosophers debate the topic of reality, and the components that make up what we perceive to be \u201creal\u201d. Although an interesting mental exercise, we\u2019re more interested in the practical applications of reality today, which is more accurately defined as \u201crealism\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
O realismo \u00e9 definido como a representa\u00e7\u00e3o de uma pessoa, coisa ou situa\u00e7\u00e3o com precis\u00e3o ou de uma forma que seja verdadeira. Neste artigo, buscamos entender em que grau essa defini\u00e7\u00e3o de realismo pode ser conhecida em um ambiente totalmente simulado usando tecnologia de realidade virtual, e como isso impacta nosso mundo. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
To understand the importance of realism in virtual reality, we must first look to what the technology is trying to achieve\u2014 a simulation. A simulation is defined as an approximate imitation of the operation of a process or system. There\u2019s an important distinction in that definition, which is to mimic the operation of something rather than just the thing itself. A simulation is a place of action; and that intent is what separates a simulation from a static learning tool such as text, video, or presentations. Ultimately, a simulation bridges the gap between knowledge and high performing actions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Traditionally, a simulation would be run \u201clive\u201d in a simulated physical space. History tells us that live simulations have been used as a learning tool for centuries, dating back to clay and stone models being used to understand the anatomy of a person. In more modern applications, simulations have been used to train students and professionals to assist in learning\u2014for example a medical student may practice in a room dressed up as an operating theatre, or they could be taken a step further and practice on-site in an actual operating theatre (also known as in-situ or in-situation) which was considered to have a higher degree of realism. The objects within that environment also benefit from being as real as possible, which could mean the difference between using mannequins or a paid actor to simulate a patient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Simulations have more recently found a new environment in which to model themselves, known as \u201cvirtual\u201d, where one would experience the imitation synthetically. Thanks to computer technology, virtual simulations have been able to imitate an operation without the need of costly physical environments and the challenging logistics of getting people to them. Virtual Reality (VR) specifically refers to synthetic imitations presented inside of a special headset, which enhances the immersion of a synthetic environment further by assuming the user\u2019s entire field of vision rather than just on a two dimensional screen. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Os fones de ouvido de realidade virtual t\u00eam sido usados comercialmente por organiza\u00e7\u00f5es como a NASA h\u00e1 d\u00e9cadas e, conforme o custo de produ\u00e7\u00e3o diminuiu, a tecnologia se tornou mais vi\u00e1vel para compra pelo consumidor. Al\u00e9m disso, o poder de processamento do hardware usado para rodar fones de ouvido de realidade virtual levou a simula\u00e7\u00f5es mais realistas. No entanto, at\u00e9 que ponto o realismo afeta a efic\u00e1cia de uma simula\u00e7\u00e3o, especialmente em situa\u00e7\u00f5es de treinamento? <\/p>\n\n\n\n
To understand the efficacy of realism, we must look at a key variable that defines the perceived realism\u2014fidelity. Fidelity refers to how closely a simulation imitates or amplifies reality. The overall goal of high-fidelity simulations is to improve the performance of an action, or what a person actually does (rather than thinks). In 1990, Miller (1990) indicated that this action is built upon a person\u2019s knowledge, competence, and performance. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Generally speaking, a low fidelity simulation is good for building upon knowledge – it won\u2019t feel real, but it will outline the basics and theory well enough. Medium fidelity is used to build competence through greater interaction, then high fidelity is where high performance action occurs. This model of traditional Fidelity can be viewed as a pyramid. Without the base level of knowledge, you can\u2019t reach the top level of action. As you begin to improve your knowledge, competence, and performance, the action level of fidelity in a simulated environment increases too, agnostic of how the environment is actually presented. For example, the fidelity of a commercial flight simulator will be different for someone with no knowledge of aviation in comparison to someone who has spent years studying the theory. How will the person with little knowledge be able to know if the simulation is high-fidelity or not, if they don\u2019t understand what to look for? Therefore, to some extent the concept of fidelity is subjective. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
This can be understood at a deeper level by examining the different components that make up fidelity, over and above the person experiencing it. At a conceptual level, the scenario at hand needs to make sense. For example, you would expect a flight simulator to have a high degree of conceptual fidelity if it flies through the air, rather than through Walmart. Physically, the simulation needs to reflect the actual physical properties of the real environment. The flight simulator wouldn\u2019t have a high degree of physical fidelity if it used carrots for the levers. Emotionally, the simulation should try to capture the same feelings one would expect in the real environment. For example, a simulated emergency in the cockpit of a plane should feel naturally urgent to deal with, rather than casual and boring. New technology such as heart-rate monitors built into wearable devices have made it easier to test for emotional response, helping simulators find better ways to increase the degree of emotional fidelity. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
No entanto, esse n\u00edvel de compreens\u00e3o vai um passo mais fundo novamente quando visto no contexto de simula\u00e7\u00f5es de realidade virtual. H\u00e1 uma considera\u00e7\u00e3o importante quando se trata de medir a fidelidade em um ambiente de realidade virtual, especialmente no que diz respeito a simula\u00e7\u00f5es de treinamento. Stone (2011) encontrou o equ\u00edvoco de que os avan\u00e7os tecnol\u00f3gicos levam a melhores ambientes de treinamento. Stone e sua equipe de tecnologias de interface humana descobriram que isso \u00e9 muito menos importante do que o conceito de design centrado no ser humano. Quando o objetivo \u00e9 maximizar a transfer\u00eancia de tarefas, conhecimentos, habilidades e comportamentos simulados para aplica\u00e7\u00f5es do mundo real; a fidelidade psicol\u00f3gica \u00e9 a chave. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
A fidelidade psicol\u00f3gica \u00e9 o grau em que as tarefas simuladas podem reproduzir os comportamentos necess\u00e1rios \u00e0s aplica\u00e7\u00f5es do mundo real. Isso, at\u00e9 certo ponto, combina as id\u00e9ias tradicionais de fidelidade conceitual, f\u00edsica e emocional, conforme descrito; embora normalmente algu\u00e9m olhe para a fidelidade neste contexto como uma combina\u00e7\u00e3o de fidelidade f\u00edsica e psicol\u00f3gica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
It is through this definition that it also becomes obvious that pure technological advances aren\u2019t a large part of that equation, but rather the technical advances make it more accessible and viable. The major drawback of new interfaces such as virtual reality is that of a human experience nature. Think back to the first few years of websites\u2014every site was completely different with walls of text, hidden links, strange navigations, and unique layouts. It wasn\u2019t until many years later that a standardized experience began to take shape that was more natural to the user, taking advantage of modern design principles, content structures, and human behaviour to deliver a seamless experience. Virtual reality is still in the early stages of exploring the best user interface, however it is far more complicated due to the additional dimension. It\u2019s one thing to master the interface of a 2D screen with basic inputs, but quite another in a 3D environment. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Stone quebrou ainda mais o conceito de fidelidade para simula\u00e7\u00f5es de realidade virtual, como segue:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Interestingly, many end-users already have a concept of fidelity in their head before entering a training simulation, a baseline of expectations based on what they\u2019ve seen in other applications such as gaming and military applications. Now the complex web of what makes up a \u201chigh fidelity\u201d training simulation begins to reveal itself. We know that at the highest level, the end-user needs a basic knowledge of the system and also a certain level of competence before reaching high-performance actions. However, simulations run in virtual reality require a balance of contextual sensory and behavioural details alongside realistic input characteristics; while catering to the potential expectation gap a user may have before entering the simulation. This is all impacted further by the challenges virtual reality face with regards to seamless interfaces that are not yet standardized or widely understood by users.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
So, if a virtual reality simulation can have a high degree of psychological and physical fidelity, then it can be considered to be more realistic\u2014assuming the user already has some knowledge and competence to be able to perceive it that way to begin with. However, this is all qualified by the ability for humans to actually use it, an idea often called human-centered design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Agora que entendemos a composi\u00e7\u00e3o mais ampla do realismo em uma simula\u00e7\u00e3o, podemos us\u00e1-lo em nossa vantagem em aplicativos de realidade virtual. Por exemplo, a plataforma de treinamento cir\u00fargico do Precision OS foi projetada para fazer uso de mecanismos gr\u00e1ficos modernos para imitar o ambiente f\u00edsico, incluindo detalhes sensoriais e comportamentais, como ferramentas, ilumina\u00e7\u00e3o e maquin\u00e1rios com alto grau de fidelidade f\u00edsica. O paciente na mesa cir\u00fargica \u00e9 configurado para apresentar os sintomas que requerem um determinado procedimento, garantindo que a representa\u00e7\u00e3o seja balanceada para evitar a hipofidelidade ou a hiperfidelidade. Os controladores manuais s\u00e3o configurados para se parecerem mais com as ferramentas cir\u00fargicas comuns de um procedimento, visando uma maior fidelidade da tecnologia interativa. Por fim, o procedimento simulado \u00e9 guiado em tempo real com feedback e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o, tanto visualmente quanto via \u00e1udio, para simular o ambiente psicol\u00f3gico como se estivesse treinando com um cirurgi\u00e3o s\u00eanior. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Students or staff have already completed many years of medical school which includes traditional learning tools and simulations, so they have a high degree of knowledge and competence. Therefore, a realistic virtual environment can help them train for advanced skillsets and enhanced confidence without having to practice on real patients\u2014which can be both costly to the trainee, the patient, their family, and the hospital; not to mention challenging to find appropriate training patients and matching them with trainees on a repeating basis. Em um n\u00edvel mais amplo, isso significa, em \u00faltima an\u00e1lise, melhores cirurgi\u00f5es e uma maior taxa de sucesso para os pacientes. <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n The future of realism in virtual reality looks promising. Already, we\u2019ve seen physical feedback in VR hand controllers which has been proven to enhance the perception of interactive technology fidelity (Hoffman, 2011), and this technology is expanding to full haptic-feedback suits. As other fields of technology such as biotech begin to crossover with virtual reality, we\u2019ll see even more integration and immersion. For example, the user may be able to control their virtual environment using just their thoughts, or be able to connect sensors directly to nerve endings for realistic feedback. <\/p>\n\n\n\n As the technology improves, so too does the perceived realism of our virtual environments\u2014and as we\u2019ve seen, this will further engage our world\u2019s future students and professionals to perform at a higher level. The result in many years\u2019 time will be a safer, more productive world to live in, and we can\u2019t wait to stake our hand in the efforts. <\/p>\n\n\n\n Fontes: <\/p>\n\n\n\n